![]() ![]() This can occur from breathing, coughing, sneezing, or vocalization of an infected individual, but also during certain medical procedures (e.g., suctioning, bronchoscopy, dentistry, inhalation anesthesia). Aerosol particles may be inhaled by a susceptible host or deposited onto mucous membranes or environmental surfaces. Aerosol (Airborne) TransmissionĪerosol transmission encompasses the transfer of pathogens via very small particles or droplet nuclei. Disease examples include canine parvovirus and feline calicivirus infections. Fomites can include a wide variety of objects such as exam tables, cages, kennels, medical equipment, environmental surfaces, and clothing. Fomite Transmissionįomite transmission involves inanimate objects contaminated by an infected individual that then come in contact with a susceptible animal or human. This is probably the most common and highest-risk route of pathogen transmission to patients and personnel. Examples include organisms such as rabies, Microsporum, Leptospira spp., and staphylococci, including multidrug-resistant (MDR) species methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP). Direct inoculation can occur from bites or scratches. Physical transfer and entry of microorganisms occurs through mucous membranes (e.g., eyes, mouth), open wounds, or abraded skin. Direct Contact Transmissionĭirect contact transmission occurs through direct body contact with the tissues or fluids of an infected individual. Some microorganisms can be transmitted by more than one route. 12 The transmission of microorganisms can be divided into the following five main routes: direct contact, fomites, aerosol (airborne), oral (ingestion), and vectorborne. 7,12 Understanding routes of disease transmission and how it contributes to the spread of organisms allows for the identification of effective prevention and control measures not only for specific diseases, but also other pathogens transmitted by a similar route, including unanticipated infectious diseases. Infection control and prevention depends on disrupting the transmission of pathogens from their source (the infected animal or human) to new hosts (animal or human) or locations. Unfortunately, most neuromuscular disorders cannot currently be cured.Click here for a staff training document on routes of diseases transmission. Treatments for neuromuscular diseases generally aim to ease symptoms and improve quality of life, but in many cases there are no effective medications. In severe cases, neuromuscular diseases can lead to difficulties in swallowing, speaking and breathing. Often, the symptoms affect the arms and legs more than other parts of the body. In others, the muscles are damaged, and they either cannot receive messages from motor neurons, or they cannot respond as they should.Įither way, the person affected can have problems with tiredness, weakness, muscle pain, wasting and spasms. In some neuromuscular diseases, the nerves are damaged, and do not carry messages from the brain as they should. neuromuscular autoimmune conditions, such as myasthenia gravis or multiple sclerosis.myopathies (problems with the muscles), such as muscular dystrophy.neuropathies (problems with the nerves), such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease or motor neuron disease.Some examples of neuromuscular diseases are: ![]() Many different diseases affect the neuromuscular system, and together they are known as neuromuscular diseases. Diseases involving the neuromuscular system These messages are carried to the muscles which tell the muscle fibre to contract, which makes the muscles move. Neurons carry messages from the brain via the spinal cord. This tells the muscle fibre to contract, which makes the muscles move. The motor neurons release a chemical, which is picked up by the muscle fibre. Where they sit together is called a neuromuscular junction. The neurons that carry these messages to the muscles are called motor neurons.Įach motor neuron ending sits very close to a muscle fibre. Nerves and muscles, working together as the neuromuscular system, make the body move as you want it to and also control functions such as breathing. ![]() The nervous system provides the link between thoughts and actions by relaying messages from the brain to other parts of the body. The neuromuscular system includes all the muscles in the body and the nerves serving them.Įvery movement the body makes requires communication between the brain and the muscles. ![]()
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